Rebellion and Revolution
Born October 9, 1884 in Poland, Helene Deutsch entered the scene at a time when the country was partitioned. She lived with her family in the Austrian side of Poland in Przemyśl, also in an environment of partitioned languages. Her mother spoke German but the children spoke Polish out of allegiance. Helene was a loyalist and still dreamed in Polish decades later. She had memories of the old fortress town near the Carpathian Mountains and the San River with fiery sunsets and a ghostly moon. Quoting Proust, she felt that in writing a memoir helped to prevent forgetfulness. “…My experiences do not fade, they grow vivid, more beautiful or more ugly, but above all, more significant.” René Girard pointed out that much of this nostalgia was because certain memories were taken for granted as being too peaceful, but became precious precisely because of that peace devoid of rivalry. Helene also noticed that even those difficult memories could return because of “the waning of the punitive force of the Super-ego. One is old, the limitations on one’s existence grow greater, and the nearness of death must be accepted as one more biological cruelty. The inner mechanisms geared to the future must be given up, and this further clears the way for the return of the past.” There is also a distorted desire to embellish the past, to “find at least some comfort in a glorious ‘I was.'” Even with those distortions early memories can betray how suggestible people are, especially children. For example, Helene once went to a doctor as a child to cure a stomach ache. “He pressed my stomach here and there, and when I cried out at an especially painful squeeze, he exclaimed, using a popular expression: ‘Aha! So that’s where the dog’s hiding!’ For many years the belief lived on in my unconscious that I had a dog in my belly. Only now have I learned to see the humourous side of my childish conviction. But I can still recognize it in very distinct dreams and I am aware of its psychic meaning. The dog appeared again in a dream I had after my son was born, that time as a danger to the newborn child.” As you will see later, this is one of many examples of psychoanalytic content that people can recover from childhood and see how it animates thoughts, emotions and actions in an adult that doesn’t believe in dogs hiding in stomachs.
Object Relations: Fear Of Success Pt. 2: https://rumble.com/v1gvuql-object-relations-fear-of-success-pt.-2.html
Being Jewish, Helene didn’t quite fit in this Catholic country, but both the Poles and the Jews at that time shared the same feeling of oppression. Helene’s father Wilhelm Rosenbach was a self-taught lawyer and for a time Helene wanted to follow in his footsteps but the Law profession was barred to women. She saw a respected man in her father, but he appeared weak in comparison with her mother. Helene felt she had an Oedipal relationship to her parents with a hatred for her mother Regina and a love for her father. She recalled regular beatings and her mother was against Helene getting a higher education. Helene in her own mind thought her mother hated her because she wanted a son instead. To her, Regina had delusions of grandeur, was a snob that wanted to be invited to the homes of Polish aristocracy. Regina was fastidious with cleanliness and “ruled the model household like a despot.” Her devaluation of her mother eventually caused her to have a sympathy with other women who had similar difficulties with their mothers, including prominent women in early socialist movements.
When it came to her siblings, Helene was fond of her older sister Malvina who was a protector. Malvina lived a hard life and three of her four children predeceased her. She had a phobia of dirt and excessively washed her hands and blew on her fingertips from time to time to clean them. Her favorite son Ludwig died from an altercation on his way home from WWI. Ukrainians and Poles were fighting their own civil war at the time. He was wounded by a Ruthenian soldier and the small wound developed into the tetanus that killed him. Helene’s other sister Gizela was described as a sweet person who seldom went out. “Gizela was unquestionably my mother’s favorite. She resembled a citizen living in a despotically ruled country to whom it never occurs to revolt because he is not bothered in his personal life.” She eventually married a doctor and died later in Australia leaving behind her surviving daughter Irene. Helene’s brother Emil did poorly at school and had very little prospects as a Jew. Disappointing to his father, Emil was allowed to be baptized. He changed his name to a Polish one and married into Polish aristocracy. The family lost track of his whereabouts after some time. In analysis later with Sigmund Freud, Helene was able to reconstruct Emil’s sexual seductions going back to the age of four. Helene attributed her imaginative creativity as a way to escape the reality. She also idealized her father and felt her mother was jealous of the attention she got from him, especially when Regina accused Wilhelm of infidelity while on his business trips. Helene had some jealously of her own when she was very young and when the rest of the family left her behind on a trip. Over time she developed a belief that she was the Cinderella character in the family. In response to being left behind she competitively tagged along with her father on outings, partially to get away from her mother beating her, but also to eliminate any favoritism that the other siblings may have enjoyed in the past.
Helene had difficulty in discovering her talents and possible vocation while in school, but she had aunts who influenced her to take up writing. One aunt was a distant relative to Joseph Conrad, and another aunt read Schopenhauer. Between Schopenhauer’s outward philosophical pessimism and Conrad’s internal impressionism, one could see how Helene could be interested in Psychoanalysis. As Helene criticized her family and rebelled into adolescence and adulthood, she would find out later that one doesn’t move on from their family and sometimes one recreates a similar dynamic with others.
Like many other women who rejected the family dynamic, she became interested in socialism and communism, which was very new when she was young. The promise of relief from inequality, poverty, and injustice was alluring, and it also allowed one to hit back at parents. “I had learned of the exploitation of the peasants as a little girl in my father’s carriage; and I hated my mother’s bourgeois materialism…My generation’s interest in socialism and in the worker’s movement was sparked by news of the social revolution spreading through Russia, especially by its romantic aspects—the danger, the heroic self-sacrifice. There were of course other elements in socialism that were devoid of the revolutionary spirit and limited to party politics and short-term improvement of the workers’ lot. This was not the form of socialism to which I, during my prolonged adolescence, subscribed. Let me add that revolutionism can never be defined simply through its social application; it is an attribute of individuals who are drawn to everything that is newly formed, newly won, newly achieved.”
When joining a new socialist tribe Helene could see the difference between dreams and reality, and saw some of her psychological patterning appearing in her new relationships. “I realize that there were years during my adolescence when my father virtually disappeared from my sphere of interests. I see clearly now that my love relationship (perhaps premature) with the Socialist leader Herman Lieberman, a man much older than I, was so much a father-transference that my love for Father was weakened. During this time my father was totally wrapped up in his work, and his interests were no longer in harmony with my sublimation of energies into politics and medical school.”
Like many in her generation, socialism was beginning to show a disconnection from the internal human life, with all the objects that talk in the mind and aim at individual goals outside of the collective politics. “Yet although my mind was ready to surrender to socialist ideals, my self-esteem needed something more. The ‘old Rosenbach’ quality had stayed with me, in the form of a narcissistic ego-ideal not easy to gratify in the humble role of a party soldier. I had to find some further outlet.” Of course she wasn’t the only one. Almost all healthy humans have an ego-ideal, which is the kernel of the Super-ego that demands personal growth regardless of party principles. This is in evidence when looking closely at politicians who demand outsized rewards commensurate with their social standing. “I suffered the inevitable youthful disillusionment over the integrity of politicians, in connection with the actions of a local labor leader.” And when self-interest clashes with politics, hypocrisy is predictable. Like in any political or social movements, the members of that movement are made of the same cultural background as the people they are fighting against. For example, left-wing support for “free love” only applied when one benefited. If one was at the wrong end of a love triangle, “…even the progressive socialist worker retained his conservative outlook on domestic matters and looked very critically on overt marital infidelity.”
The Ego and the Id – Sigmund Freud: https://rumble.com/v1gvdo1-the-ego-and-the-id-sigmund-freud.html
Yet, the hope springs eternal for new role models and Helene turned to two women in particular. “In all the crowd of women representing their different groups at the Congress, I found two who corresponded to the ego-ideal I needed. They were Rosa Luxemburg and Angelica Balabanoff. In this gathering that swarmed with famous men, both of these women were treated with significant respect, and their speeches had a strong, often decisive influence on the proceedings. I heard these speeches with awe…However, I learned soon enough that the world of socialism I had so idealized was torn by internal feuds, intrigues, splinterings. I wasn’t well-versed enough in theory to comprehend the factional disputes; they aroused in me a sense of inferiority, and I humbly deferred to the arguments of those great men that I believed in. I recall that the Polish party, whose ideology I shared, was divided into a right and a left, and I felt a natural affinity for the left.”
Rosa Luxemburg trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM81dcVEJ6A
The Rosa Luxemburg reader: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9781583671030/
My Life as a Rebel – Angelica Balabanoff: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780253154859/
Even though both of these women were ultimately disillusioned with Bolshevism and consumed by the monster of party politics, Helene found a strength in these women that she felt would be necessary so women could defend their boundaries and argue for their rights. She maintained a balance in herself while still preserving her femininity. It also gave her an individual strength when not only party politics disappointed but also the intimate relationships that were connected. “I realized at last that my socialist zeal was fatally amalgamated with my love for the socialist leader. This realization cast a shadow on both my love and my social idealism. In my early adolescence I had longed for great experiences transcending the helpless dependence of love for one man.”
Helene’s next love was Felix Deutsch and she was relieved to marry him and settle things with her parents. Unfortunately, it started rocky and turned into a psychoanalytic imbroglio. On paper, the marriage looked like a good fit because Felix was a doctor with a good bedside manner, who also cared about a patient’s mental well-being, and he was already interested in psychoanalysis. As they grew together they could share knowledge with each other so that both a patient’s mind and body were given consideration. Later when Helene was travelling between Europe and America, she was getting intertwined with other psychoanalysts. There was the fear that as she got analyzed that the “new” Helene would be unacceptable. Because Felix was more of a feminine type, and sometimes more than Helene, she was finding him disappointing in bed. Author Paul Roazen hints at the problem of premature ejaculation, something that Helene’s mentor Karl Abraham studied, and Karl had to stop analyzing her because he “had too much positive feeling for her.” Abraham also got a letter from Freud that he showed to Helene to not allow the analysis to end the marriage, which made her feel that the analysis would be limited.
Later Helene would have a brief affair with the famous Hungarian analyst Sandor Rado, and this led, partially through guilt, to her analyzing herself. She wrote down notes looking at her past behavior. She felt inadequacy with her father, then she ran away with Liberman, and then she married Felix. “Helene’s reasoning to herself was in accord with the accepted analytic theory of her time. She was betraying Felix with Rado as she had once betrayed her father with Liberman, in both cases because of a failure in her father/husband. In the end Rado was not a suitable replacement. “Rado was not just one of the most learned and intelligent of the post-World War I analytic generation (he had a photographic memory), but he was also, as Helene later put it, a ‘seducer’ of women. According to her version, he got gratification from conquering women, and even took pleasure in breaking up marriages; she claimed he liked to torture women by making them jealous and betraying them with others. Although he was not physically attractive, one of Rado’s appeals to women, which mobilized their sexuality, was the intensity of his desire; although Helene could be level-headed about almost every area of her life, she—like others in their choice of love partners—was misled by her instincts and lacked sound judgment about men. Rado loved good food, had style and flourish, and other women besides Helene were enchanted by him.”
Beyond Helene’s self-analysis, was how this marriage was affecting her son. “One of the considerations holding her back was her appreciation of the affectionate tie between Felix [and her son] Martin. ‘The child is still from you—what speaks most of all for this is his great love for you, as well as the purity of his soul and the sweetness of his temperament.'” As revolutionary as Helene was, she seemed to be pulled in two different directions. “Helene had made clear that it was a life with Felix she had chosen, as opposed to a compromise for the sake of Martin. Outsiders to their marriage continued to see signs of conflict between them; on the whole, it looked, even to Martin, as though Helene willfully mistreated Felix. Some of her closest students did not even think the marriage was an exceptionally intimate one.” Roazen also suggests that “Felix [in Vienna became involved for a time with Dr. Dora Hartmann, an analyst…Yet Helene and Felix continued to live together until his death in 1964; few people detected the exceptional kinds of emotional support they gave each other.”
As Roazen termed it, “a strange marriage,” you can see exactly that in the ambivalent description Helene gave of Felix and her past loves, influences. “Psychoanalysis was my last and most deeply experienced revolution; and Freud, who was rightly considered a conservative on social and political issues, became for me the greatest revolutionary of the century. Looking back, I see three distinct upheavals in my life: liberation from the tyranny of my mother; the revelation of socialism; and my release from the chains of the unconscious through psychoanalysis. In each of these revolutions I was inspired and aided by a man—my father, Herman Lieberman, and lastly Freud. My husband had his own unique place in my heart and my existence.”
These brief biographies show how much personal issues creep up into analysis like people are becoming analysts, analyzing themselves, and trying to experience their own freedom and develop theories based on that. Again, a lot of these theories originated in Freud and were adjusted as more varieties of patients were encountering the method. At first, Helene’s connection with Freud started slowly. She had read a lot of his works already before meeting him and was able to see lectures. She called herself a “devoted disciple…My personal relationship with Freud began in August 1918. I had begun to feel restless at the clinic, and when I learned from a woman colleague that Freud had accepted her for analysis, I made an appointment to inquire about the possibility of a didactic analysis for myself…In the course of my first interview with Freud, he asked me, ‘What would you do if I sent you to someone else?’ to which I naturally replied, ‘I would not go.’ Freud accepted me as a patient, but with the warning that it would certainly bring me into conflict with the Wagner-Jauregg Clinic because of Wagner-Jauregg’s notorious opposition to psychoanalysis. And a conflict it was indeed. Leaving the clinic meant giving up numerous advantages as a staff member, not to mention practically giving up all contact with mentally ill patients. But I did it!…At the outset my analysis with Freud was not dramatic. I must admit that it is difficult to develop a normal transference neurosis with an analyst who already occupies an important position in one’s psychic world…Naturally I have the typical amnesic gaps that often develop after treatment, whether or not the analysis has been successful. Only isolated incidents have survived in my memory. I can recall one of the dreams I had during this period, in which I have a masculine and a feminine organ. Only later did I find out its full significance. Freud told me only that it indicated my desire to be both a boy and a girl. It was only after my analysis that it became clear to me how much my whole personality was determined by the childhood wish to be simultaneously my father’s prettiest daughter and cleverest son.”
When Helene reviewed her analysis, she found both the Oedipus complex, including a positive transference towards Freud, and the female castration complex. “My analysis ended rather abruptly about a year later, when Freud said to me with absolute candor that he needed my hour for the ‘Wolf-Man,’ who, after an interruption, had come back to continue his analysis. Freud told me, ‘You do not need any more; you are not neurotic.’ I knew of this patient and realized that he was the source of important discoveries for psychoanalysis. I considered myself mature enough then to react to the situation objectively, without bringing my transference problems to bear on it. Certainly it would have been irrational for me to expect Freud to give up for my sake the time he needed for his creative work…Freud’s assurance that I had no neurosis was very encouraging…He said ‘you will now be my assistant.'”
The Unconscious and Relationships
As a psychoanalyst, Helene’s career covered a lot of ground and helped to flesh out the female experience more thoroughly compared to Freud. Her environment is still in the Darwinian atheistic mode and the way forward through all the analytical complexity is to remember that humans are animals going through evolution on a complex planet. Not everything works like clockwork and as can be seen in nature, some parts of it thrive and mutate. Other areas decay or go through pathology. Animals eat each other and fight over limited resources. The pathway for humans from gestation to maturation is a very long one which can house a complex series of traumatic memories, disappointments, and constitutional biological factors that are difficult to tease apart from the analytical content. Then when you compound the human desire for novelty and exploration, each individual stakes a claim in the world against everyone else, and the challenge for each person is to find a place where they can stand on a secure platform and trade libido, energy, and work with each other in relative peace. It goes without saying that peace is constantly disturbed in human existence.
In Helene’s epoch after the enlightenment the concern is still around human freedom, but analyzed through masculinity and femininity. She viewed both men and women as striving for their platforms in society where they can find a modicum of fulfillment and wellbeing. In her analyses one finds psychoanalysis stretched to the breaking point because there are sometimes deficits of desire that are like a blackhole and explosions of libido and activity that aren’t explainable by tracing trauma and repression back in time. Some children have a fully formed attitude early on that can only be attributed to biological constitution. In other areas, it’s easier to see how a loose castration complex, or intimidation, or a loose Oedipus complex, envy and rivalry, can lead to conflict and traumatic outcomes. Helene added to Freud’s theories by emphasizing the early relationship between mother and child before these complexes became established. Those early pleasure-traumas and roleplaying templates can be stages to fall back to when there are disappointments in adolescent or adult relationships. Compounded on that is the natural drive to explore all avenues to avoid the fear of missing out, or as it’s commonly shortened down to: FOMO. It’s quite common for people to need a lot of personal exploration to find out what they want in life. This is often done by finding out what you don’t want, which are all those things that are advertised but have hidden drawbacks. It’s easier to appreciate what you already have and go in more authentic directions where there are less drawbacks or they are acceptable.
Each child is able to find pleasure in different ways and those are often modeled and suggested by parents, older siblings, media, and children at school. Successful experiences of satisfaction, no matter how strange or countercultural, condition skills to attain those pleasures again in the future. As children grow up and try to develop more relationship skills, leading to the usual pleasures of heterosexual marriage with a male provider and a female nurturer, there are inevitably some conflicts, rejections, and unconscious impulses erupting in embarrassing ways. Socially prescribed templates fail regularly. Then when you add new technology that makes workers obsolete from time to time and pushes them to be flexible and move into other areas they are not used to, including the need to move to faraway places, like Helene and Felix experienced, or when you factor in passionless intimate relationships where neither partner can give what each other wants, or when people get what they want and get spoiled and have to look for ever new highs that are beyond their partner’s current capabilities, it’s easy for people to break apart. It’s not guaranteed people will find lasting satisfaction in their lifetime. People need to know themselves before they can accurately predict what would satisfy them and that isn’t always found by the age of 20. Sexual, financial, moral, and dysfunctions related to power and control, lead people to search for solutions.
For example, with female frigidity, Helene summarized that “its most frequent cause is a protest against the assumption of the passive feminine role—in other words, the masculinity complex.” Why do some women relish a passive role and others find it frightening? It’s not always clear, and people may make marriage contracts before any of this is figured out. Sometimes people can’t feel sexual excitement and at other times sex can manifest without a feeling of satisfaction. Both the desire to be a mother and the sexual response are often diminished at the same time, yet sometimes women are more interested in sex than motherhood and vice versa. Helene talks about extremes of being a woman living as a prostitute, turning tricks with zeal, or a childless midwife helping scores of women get through childbirth as a replacement for her own lack of children. There can also be a compartmentalization where sex is just a means to have a child and once the child is born the father is to be discarded. Helene also finds examples of people that she labels as asexual in their fantasies. They have the dream that they can create a child and do all the raising themselves and other partners are just an imposition. There can also be a sublimation with work where the role of mother is seen as a supervisor and the staff are children. “They transfer their maternal feelings to objects other than their own children—to other women’s children or to adults to whom they extend their maternal protection. Many choose a profession or work with others as an outlet for their maternal feelings.”
Helene also hints that there may be unconscious influences from ancestors that add further complexity. “The causal connection between sexual intercourse and fertilization and pregnancy probably was not grasped by primitive intelligence for a very long time. During highly civilized periods the idea of parthenogenesis has been recalled in myths and religions. Many mythical individuals were thought to be sons of virgins; among the deeply emotional elements of Christianity, the precept of Mary’s immaculate conception represents another recurrence of the idea of parthenogenesis. In modern women we often find the fantasy of the parthenogenetic child, born of the masculine wish in woman for power over her own and complete independence of man…”
The nutshell of sexual attraction, when it does happen, is how it connects to power differentials and there is an unsaid requirement to be paid in kind with sexual gratification in reality or in a sublimated form, like in the prior examples where projects and workplaces receive the libido. The feeling between men and women, and also between men and men or women and women, is “I want to take care of you,” in a masculine or feminine way, and relationships can alternate polarities to satisfy the desire for exploration, but again it’s difficult to trace one inclination or preference to only early experiences, especially if those preferences were nascently there in the beginning, like the chicken and egg debate on which came first. Certainly, conditioning, grooming, advertising, and propaganda can provide pleasure experiences at differing levels of intensity that lie and wait in memory as a skill to be accessed in the future. Some people can explore ever more elevated feelings and others accept lower levels or even a deep emptiness as their personal norm. Without a variety of pleasures and drawbacks to compare to it’s hard to know what you are missing apart from word of mouth advertising. Many people feel that their bag of tricks are the only ones they can be good at, and sometimes the bag only has a valueless plastic bauble or nothing at all.
Helene did find that certain early influences could be counted on to have some affect, including the Oedipus and a castration complexes, and also experiences that predated them. These include the child modeling the role of mother or father, often with dolls and toys at the beginning. Some children see their parents being labeled in good or bad ways in the home environment that lead the child to identify with an accuser or victim. The later adult can also use those parental templates for their future relationships. The goal is evolution and development towards peaceful and loving relationships, but pathological relationships can continue unscathed when people regress to old templates of pleasure, because it’s the only ones they have in their bag. Marriages are often based on false contracts where people unconsciously want different terms than they agreed to, and they can’t explain it to themselves let alone their confused partner who also may not know what they want. In many scenarios you can’t blame them if they weren’t able to learn about themselves during their childhood. When people are adults and they lack the required skills and it can be difficult to catchup because adults with more skills in love making, peace making, and zest for life, have higher expectations and they can’t wait for people to develop, if they ever develop at all. Rejection rates increase because of this and many people feel they can’t move beyond their regressed templates since no one else will tolerate them for any period of time. Libido isn’t just sexual craving in psychoanalysis but also the energy to sublimate into activities. A mismatch in energy can happen between partners where active partners feel held back by their passive partners and passive partners feel rushed and pressured to keep moving. Sometimes they can’t close the gap.
Masculine and Feminine Engrams
A lot of the Freudian psychoanalytic summaries of childhood sexual development were originally male centered with some descriptions of what girls experience, but a lot of Freud’s female disciples and women influenced by him, took up the mantle. Helene was one of the more orthodox followers, but she provided more detail on Freud’s penis envy. In psychoanalysis, the strange descriptions are based on how libido or craving moves through the body and imprints conditioned memories to repeat in the future. The older the sexual impressions, the more archaic the influence is as one grows into an adult with modern knowledge of biology. The imprints still operate in those older modes and unconsciously people can regress to older attitudes without realizing it. When there are adult frustrations towards pleasure, the libido doesn’t go away but instead moves to replace lost objects with new ones. The libido craving feelings can pull back into the unconscious, and then after a new object is selected, it generates another conscious bout of craving. Both males and females have their own castration complexes, which for males is a fear of being passive and being made into a woman. For women, it’s finding the clitoris wanting in comparison to the penis, from the child’s point of view of sex education, and the feeling of being treated as unequal to men. This includes childhood theories of babies coming from the anus, treating a column of feces as a metaphor for penis activity and birthing. The mouth can be sexual and treat the penis like a breast and the vagina can be treated like a mouth as well, feeding on a penis-breast-replacement. All these ideas create conditioned feelings, in what Freud called component instincts, where there can be fixation at lower levels of development, and it is to be noted that his theoretical system is a heteronormative one with the Darwinian goal of procreation of the species. The pleasure in sex is part of the bonding process and we can bond in different ways and some of them are treated as perverse in this theoretical system because those activities or fetishes don’t align with Darwinian procreation. Because humans develop for such a long time compared to other animals there are many opportunities to get off the bus before one is successfully married with children.
In psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex leads the male to rival for the mother by taking the father as an ego-ideal, which as described above, is the kernel of the Super-ego, an automatic imitation function that provides a lot of the later mental noise in the mind when there’s inward or outward criticism. That ego-ideal becomes the sexual model a child moves into, whether hetero or homosexual. The ego-ideal is partially established by role models who display different forms of masculine or feminine savoring that signals that there is pleasure connected with the role. It becomes an ideal when the savoring is especially noteworthy but it can also be limited by feelings of inadequacy and roles are pursued more because they are good enough. The girl has to accept she will not get a penis and prefer to receive the penis via the man through intercourse. Freud tends to leave it at that, but Helene wanted to add more depth and value to a woman’s role in producing the next generation. In addition to the Oedipus complex, “she has to renounce the masculinity attaching to the clitoris in her transition from the ‘phallic’ to the ‘vaginal’ phase [where] she has to discover a new genital organ…The man attains his final stage of development when he discovers the vagina in the world outside himself and possesses himself of it sadistically. In this his guide is his own genital organ, with which he is already familiar and which impels him to the act of possession. The woman has to discover this new sexual organ in her own person, a discovery which she makes through being masochistically subjugated by the penis, the latter thus becoming the guide to this fresh source of pleasure. The final phase of attaining to a definitively feminine attitude is not gratification through the sexual act of the infantile desire for a penis, but full realization of the vagina as an organ of pleasure—an exchange of the desire for a penis for the real and equally valuable possession of a vagina. This newly discovered organ must become for the woman ‘the whole ego in miniature,’ a ‘duplication of the ego’ as Ferenczi terms it when speaking of the value of the penis to the man.”
The Oedipus theory gains a lot of complexity when going as far back as possible in time in analysis. Both males and females are in a primal bliss savoring on their mother’s breast. Girls develop a penis envy because their clitoris doesn’t increase in size, and boys are afraid of being too intimidated and passive in a castration complex. Envy and rivalry show up in a tangled web among parents and siblings, leading to victories over and losses of objects. In Psychoanalysis, there are bisexual dispositions in all people with an emphasis of being more one way or another plus a childhood development arc. That development isn’t guaranteed to lead to a heterosexual outcome. In psychoanalysis, masturbation is a basic form of homosexuality and if one is good with one’s own equipment then one can imagine getting pleasure using the same equipment with other people. In a raw psychoanalytic narrative, male homosexuality involves a celebration of the love of the mother with penises treated as breast replacements that can also be drained in a similar way. There’s giving and receiving, passivity and activity where one is being the “mother” or suckling on the “mother” with a narcissistic love choice to love the same sex as oneself. One is not looking for what one does not have in the woman to make a baby. With women, there is also the bliss of breastfeeding at the beginning, and on the way to being feminine, the daughter has to accept that she will only get a penis in collaboration with a man and a desire for the father arises at an early age. Passivity or activity becomes a traditional yin and yang for heterosexual couples but many women have active sides to themselves including having Tomboy phases in their development and there’s a strong pressure to repress those active sides to collaborate with men who have their own repression of their passive side so they can specialize in being more active. Buried in Helene’s works is the aggressive tendency in some females that is too difficult to repress and then can then appear chummy with the father and want to replace the father, to be like him, but when the father rejects, or doesn’t recognize the femininity in the daughter, and naturally rewards that, like they are buddies, the daughter is left a highly developed active side that is appealing to more feminine women who want to partner with that energy, and they also find it easier to enjoy familiar equipment. Part of the feeling of limerence and attraction is connected with those earlier feelings and can go unconscious and be revived in adulthood.
Helene provides a humorous example of lesbian desires with secretaries working on a project and trading active and passive roles. Sublimated activity always has the potential of reviving a sexual exchange, especially if there were earlier imprints with childhood experimentation, masturbation, and or constitutional influences. Those in the active mode feeling the mildly sadistic masculine “I would like to help you” feeling, a homosexual desire can erupt. The passive mode can bring up a feeling of “help me” that can create a mildly masochistic desire to be wanted, touched, and taken care of. Of course, in a workplace, matches lead to office romances and mismatches into lawsuits. These eruptions can also happen more often when people haven’t masturbated recently or are not in an intimate relationship, or it’s a sexless marriage. Freud also talked about people who go through periods of life, even surprising people in old age, where their libido is still very powerful and they look for partners that are too young for them. Because of this there can be bigotry from married people against single people who they think will erupt in inappropriate places. Of course if they masturbate and sublimate, they may have better behavior than a married person who erupts at a weak point in their life, as can be seen in common extramarital affairs. Eruptions can also aim at any object available and this criticism has been aimed at religious leaders who abuse their position and target impressionable minors and even to the point of seducing or raping adults. There are endless scandals in religion and it’s part of the reason why people become atheist after these experiences. Long developed concentration, meditation, or prayer skills can be humiliated easily by conditioning and it proves that lapses in meditation, basically when you use any habituated skills or allow any conditioned instincts to arise, which is all day for most people, a Freudian eruption isn’t far away. Unless libido is exhausted in other areas or there is strong disgust or strong suppression skills, the brain can’t always trust itself. The next predictable Freudian behavior is displacement when people have to cover up their guilt, like a domesticated cat that looks guilty for staring at a bird. Expect universal hypocrisy. “I don’t erupt. Only bad people do that.”
Dalai Lama “Suck my tongue.” https://youtu.be/J1xSK3mPZ9k
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life – Sigmund Freud: https://rumble.com/v1gtl55-the-psychopathology-of-everyday-life-sigmund-freud.html
By the time children have grown up and paired with others, the heterosexual couple is a fragile institution. Activity and passivity scenarios that arise in real life can disappoint partners when they don’t match the most fervent and intense fantasies or expectations advertised in wider society. Everyone has an ego-ideal and they also have cultural ideals they want to partner with. This leads to mismatches and rejections. Relationships can also fall apart when people are predominantly pursuing inauthentic goals and everyone in this theory is partially inauthentic. The hole in these theories is the bridge between biology and conditioning experiences that are not mastered in the science, even today. Certainly there are people who look so fantastically feminine or masculine that a homosexual role is the only likely option because the sexual attention from others will repeat the same way again and again. They are not attracting the opposite sex and are being rewarded by the same sex, partially due to the fact that grooming and makeup can only achieve so much. Some people will instead get bisexual attentions, and then there are individuals who manage hobbies, interests, and vocations that are so interesting to them that their love gets sublimated into external projects. Those projects are so interesting that sexual relationships look like a drag or something that will sabotage those projects. Alternatively, others pursue sex like a hobby and want to explore sexual pleasure to the fullest and jobs are only a way to attract active or passive attention. Some of the other ways hobbies can connect with sexual attention is going to the gym and working out to build more desirable bodies. All these barriers and flexibilities are what psychoanalysts call vicissitudes that alter the biological disposition towards more hetero or homosexual object choices.
So our ego ideals can be conditioned by the role that you believably can play. This is one of the reasons why things like conversion therapy can only find success with people who have a bisexual craving, meaning they still have some heterosexual craving to build through purposeful habituation, but many others will have barriers of disgust to heterosexuality, mismatches in expectations and consistent bombardment of homosexual attention that makes one feel at home in that role. The external environment can reward and punish efforts to find one partner or another, and being open to experimentation can help people find what is authentic for them. One can also find social demands that want to change the reward and punishment system of society, through different kinds of newly introduced castration complexes to push more acceptance of non-heteronormative orientations, and the counter-revolution with the typical pressure from conservative groups that see marriage as an important foundation for generational replacement, and their argument about how fragile that institution is and how it can destabilize a society through a declining population. Anybody paying attention to modern cultures should see this as a timely subject that requires incredible knowledge and nuanced debating to find balances that allow a place for everyone and allows for children to go through puberty without bullying so they can make their final decisions based on pleasure that is accessible to them and allows regular sexual release without excessive repression.
There is still the ongoing concern that started in Western enlightenment about individual freedom and the value put into the individual to allow them to make their own choices. Individual happiness partially involves the freedom to ask oneself and to listen to one’s own body to discover what is the most fulfilling option for oneself. There is a fear of exploitation from authority figures who provide suggestions that are more about their agendas. In a modern society, it’s becoming more uncommon for people to consult themselves and much more common to be narcissistic and have an ill developed sense of self where we only look to authority figures to tell us what to do 24/7. Helene described this very presciently in her descriptions of the “As-If” personality. Today, with modern media, people are bombarded to follow suggestions all the time while not listening to their own cravings and in many cases the cravings are created from those outside influences and it’s hard to say what is authentic. Some sexual identities are rashly accepted and developed without enough quiet for people to judge for themselves what their body actually likes, and many people don’t have enough experience with sexuality to even have a library of comparisons to decide what is the most fulfilling for them. Then when you add the usual pattern of advertising where desire is talked about in great detail but consequences are abstract or not explored at all, you get lots of buyer remorse with misfit relationships, STIs, toxic relationships, and the emptiness of not knowing what one really wants. What’s not talked about is the value of mental peace in decision making. It’s like an inverse desire that’s counterintuitive and often only arises in maturity when people have made so many mistakes and finally realized, like in meditation, that restful inactivity is often better. The remainder of feelings of attraction come from matching lifestyles together. Whether people want to work more or less, raise more or less children, or have no children, and pursue leisure in compatible ways, these further reflections can increase the desire to be with one partner over another.
Female Sexuality and Motherhood
What Helene stressed on the feminine side on how to be compatible with a man was to develop her femininity through sexual pleasure and to champion intuition. Even though she dabbled in socialism and feminism, she decried militant feminists who she felt were caricatures of the movement. Because women biologically have the option to carry a baby to term the old fashioned way, she felt that women should use their aggression for self-defense instead, and not throw her psyche out of balance so that she loses touch with femininity and motherhood. Here those terms are less abstract. She’s talking about feelings of femininity, sexuality, and also the bliss of motherhood. These aren’t supposed to be dry academic principles to follow but instead feelings to arouse and to enjoy.
“The feminine woman, who is characterized by her struggle for a harmonious accord between the narcissistic forces of self-love and the masochistic forces of dangerous and painful giving, celebrates her greatest triumphs in her sexual functioning. In the sexual act her partner’s elemental desire gratifies her self-love and helps her to accept masochistic pleasure without damaging her ego, while the psychologic promise of a child creates a satisfying future prospect for both tendencies…”
“The ‘modern’ young girl’s sober, purposeful intellectualism and her excessive valuation of efficiency can make her an excellent mother, who dutifully applies all the precepts of modern pedagogy; but real motherliness will probably remain alien to her forever. Whenever a young girl exchanges a rich emotional life for scientific thinking, it is to be expected that later in her life sterility will take the place of motherliness even if she has given birth to many children…”
“The real motherly type…shows an emotional disposition to subordinate the instinct of self-preservation to altruistic feelings…When all the elementary emotions of jealousy, competition, and desire for pleasure, in whatever form they may manifest themselves, are ready to yield in favor of another being, when even the instinct of self-preservation loses its predominance and the fears connected with it are overcome, we can speak of ‘pure motherliness.’ One type is a woman who awakens to a new life through her child without having the feeling of a loss. Such a woman develops her charm and beauty fully only after her first child is born. The other type is a woman who from the first feels a kind of depersonalization in relation to her child. Usually such a woman has spent her affectivity on other values (eroticism, art, or masculine aspirations) or this affectivity was too poor or ambivalent originally and cannot stand a new emotional burden. The first expands her ego through the child, the second feels restricted and impoverished…”
“All those to whom the ideals of freedom and equality are not empty words sincerely desire that woman should be socially equal to man. The post war generation will play its part in hastening this process. However, woman’s achievement full of social equality will be beneficent to her and to mankind as a whole only if at the same time she achieves ample opportunity to develop her femininity and motherliness.”
Female Masochism
Because sadism and masochism are associated with more extreme sexual interests, Helene endeavored to show the more subtle elements in psychical life, especially that of feminine masochism in the woman. Tracing from adulthood to childhood, Helene found evidence of early childhood sexual theories. The penis-envy that is criticized in modern therapy is more closely connected with those childhood theories. As attitudes and reactions build from childhood to adolescence, their influences can remain in the unconscious and transfer reactively in adult areas of life. We may think we know ourselves but it’s in unconscious reactivity and acting out, and our reflections on those habits and behaviors, where we really learn how we are. “Penis-envy would never acquire its great significance were it not that sensations in the organs, with all their elemental power, direct the child’s interest to these regions of the body. It is this which first produces the narcissistic reactions of envy in little girls. It seems that they arrive only very gradually and slowly at the final conclusion of their investigations: the recognition of the anatomical difference between themselves and boys. So long as [masturbation] affords female children an equivalent pleasure they deny that they lack a penis, or console themselves with hopes that in the future the deficiency will be made good…Owing to the memory-traces of this active function of the clitoris, it is subsequently deemed to have had in the past the actual value of an organ equivalent to the penis. The erroneous conclusion is then drawn: ‘I once did possess a penis.'”
In many cases, girls blame the mother and a compensation can happen through desire to have a baby with the father. Helene associates rape fantasies with early beliefs in the sexual act as being sadism by the man and masochism by the woman. Girls fantasize about having a baby and both the pain associated with being raped by the father and giving birth are connected with masochism because there’s a possibility of pleasure to outweigh the pain in having a child. The transition between clitoral stimulation to vaginal pleasure is repeated by Helene again and again and is to her an important transition that can be interrupted. “I think the most difficult factor in the ‘anatomical destiny’ of a woman is the fact that at a time when the libido is unstable, immature, and incapable of sublimation, it seems condemned to abandon a pleasure-zone (the clitoris as a phallic organ) without discovering the possibility of a new [emotional investment]. The narcissistic estimation of the nonexistent organ passes smoothly (to use a phrase of Freud’s) ‘along the symbolic equation: penis = child, which is mapped out for it.”
There are different areas of regression that can happen next. The clitoris can be relied upon again leading to future relationships where it is the only place left for satisfaction. Wishes of “I want to be castrated by my father,” can lead to: toxic relationships where women associate abuse as normal, masculine relationships where the clitoris is used in a sadistic masculine way, frigidity where sex is not pleasurable enough to take intimate relationships beyond maternal friendship or sterile mother son connections, and sexual relations where sex is treated as an activity that is mainly for men and to be endured by women. Sometimes the masochism associated with the feminine role scares girls away from femininity. “Escape into identification with the father is at the same time a flight from the masochistically determined identification with the mother.”
Sexuality Pt 4: Masochism – Sigmund Freud & Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gtrq1-sexuality-pt-4-masochism-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html
The sedimentary quality of early reactivity provides the work for the therapist to uncover what happened and to make clear the goal, which is to bring pleasure back into the sexual act and lead the way for motherhood, for those women who desire it, or some kind of sublimation that is more acceptable to the patient. For example, a patient may have hobbies and interests of such a nature that there is regular fulfillment and passion and the desire for sex becomes less necessary to regulate emotions and thereby finding a modicum of happiness. “The analyst’s most important task is, of course, the abolition of the sexual inhibition in his patients, and the attainment of instinctual gratification…The instinctual life of the individual strives towards the ultimate goal, amidst conflicts and strange vicissitudes, of attainment of pleasure…But sometimes, when the patient’s instincts are so unfortunately fixed and yet there are good capacities for sublimation, the analyst must have the courage to smooth the path in the so-called ‘masculine’ direction and thus make it easier for the patient to renounce sexual gratification.” The attainment of vaginal pleasure and the bliss of motherhood makes it easier to tolerate the social constrictions of motherhood for Helene. Even further, raising children can also be like a hobby or project when treated with that loving attitude. “Women would never have suffered themselves throughout the epochs of history to have been withheld by social ordinances on the one hand from possibilities of sublimation, and on the other from sexual gratifications, were it not that in the function of reproduction they have found magnificent satisfaction for both urges.” Helene then made a prediction that modern women would use liberation as a way to increase sublimation in the direction of work and “will give birth to children only on the condition of freedom from pain.”
Homosexuality in Women
Not everyone moves into a heterosexual orientation, and Helene was aware of this. She still analyzed homosexual women with the understanding that they were not feeling accepted in society and that heterosexual relationships with men were rarely passionate. She offers disclaimers that the women studied were more bisexual and not overtly masculine, and many of them appeared very feminine. Some of these analysands were also very aware of how different they were, and to match-make with other women was a secretive business. Even when feelings were mutual, a friendship orientation was expected, especially around other people. “The patient was perfectly aware that her capacity for love and her sexual fantasies were confined to her sex; she also experienced quite unmistakable sexual excitations when embracing and kissing certain women with whom she was in love. Her attitude to them was faithful, but at the same time only platonic, even when she knew of a similar perverse inclination in the women in question…” The pretense also went into intimate relationships with men and marriages. “She was by no means hostile to men; she had many men friends and did not object to being admired and courted by men. Feelings of sympathy had led her to marry a man who in appearance was markedly ‘masculine’ and she had had several children, for whom her feeling was not passionate, but yet maternal.”
Helene’s paper on female homosexuality found certain patterns in the analyses. Sometimes there was disappointments in father figures and girls would try to fill the role of the father themselves, which is like Freud’s To Be or To Have. Some women had inhibitions to their homosexuality based on social retaliation. They were raised straight and at puberty they became attracted to female teachers and authority figures. One example involved abuse where the patient hated her severe cold mother who punished her for masturbating. “…Not knowing what else to do, [the mother] resorted to the following plan: she tied the child’s hands and feet, strapped her to the cot, stood beside it and said, ‘Now, go on with your games!'” It lead to furious anger mixed with violent sexual excitement in her emotional complex, as found in the analysis. In that situation the father was a passive witness and did nothing. Her hatred of her mother led to guilt feelings and self-hatred, which is a common pattern from more active women who feel bad about their energetic anger and lashing out. In another example, there was a patient that was rejected by the father and the daughter’s thoughts swirled around the thinking that “if my father does not want me and such a blow is dealt to my self-love, who will love me now if not my mother?” Also similar to Freud’s view of ambivalence, there can be a bisexual oscillation between parental role models based on rejection and interest towards what seems accessible, whether it’s authentic or not. “The chances of wish fulfillment represent the attraction by one pole, while frustration, anxiety, and the mobilization of the sense of guilt represent repulsion by the other pole…”
Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gvgq7-psychoanalysis-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html
Patients also had dreams that explored repressed desires, including repressed sadism. Dream analysis in one patient involved womb dreams “of dark holes and openings into which the patient crept, dreams of cosy dark places which seemed to her known and familiar and where she lingered with a sense of rest and deliverance.” Another dream was of “penis envy…so overwhelming that it even manifested itself in her relation to her little sons, whose penises she cut off in her dreams and fantasies.” In Helene’s practice other patients sought help for depression and suicidal thoughts. Sometimes there were mismatches in partnerships where a woman has a natural sadistic constitution that is too hard to repress to fit in with relationships to men. Similarly, some women were very active like a typical man and married with men that couldn’t keep up with the energy.
The castration complex for females is more involved than the one with boys, but Helene repeatedly found “…that the most ardent, most feminine wish for a child occurs precisely in those women whose psychic struggles over their castration complex or penis envy have been the most severe.” With clitoral masturbation, the clitoris is a past pleasure and hope for a penis that can be regressed to, and when there is fear of becoming like the mother and thereby adopting her female-masochism, the regression brings her back to a more masculine way of relieving sexual tension. This is also exacerbated if the father is ruled out as a partner that will provide a baby. “In these great perils the libido turns back, as I have said, to its former object, and naturally the readiness and eagerness with which it turns are in proportion to the strength of the earlier ties…As a rule, the phallic tendencies are the most pressing and they cause the subject’s relation to other women to assume a masculine form, implying a denial of her lack of a penis. They may even dominate the whole homosexual picture and produce a definite—in fact the most striking—homosexual type. Women of this type deny their lack of a penis and make their female love object confirm their masculinity and endorse their phallic masturbation in the sense indicated above. It is now of minor importance whether the intention be to stress the femininity of the other woman or whether the affirmation of the penis be meant to apply to both subject and object, the latter assuming alternately the masculine and the feminine role. These are two subspecies of the same basic type.”
Sexuality Pt 3: Homosexuality – Sigmund Freud & Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gtqk5-sexuality-pt-3-homosexuality-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html
With all these tensions looking for release, as expected for a psychoanalyst, Helene was more focused on providing relief arming the analysand with that knowledge so she could understand herself better and make decisions that would engender satisfaction, either in the form of sublimation, or actual instinctual gratification. For example, in one patient, a lot of her anxiety and stress decreased when Helene met her on the street. She was radiant and without depression when the inhibitions were released. She was very conscious of the mother-child relation with her partner and they alternated roles. “What made the situation so happy was precisely the possibility of playing both parts.” Helene found that “all the women in question stood in a mother-and-child relation to their homosexual love object and more or less consciously recognized this fact. Here again the double role of each partner must be stressed.” In another example Helene described how “one would be a little girl, quite young and helpless, who assumed the part of the child, while the other would be some older, very active and authoritative woman, in relation to whom the patient herself played the part of the helpless girl.”
The conclusions for a modern analyst would be that we should look at energy and the direction it is taking in the form of an ego-ideal. The super-ego automatically imitates in the environment and aids the search for new objects. The energy gets blocked in many areas and then unconsciously moves for accessible avenues for release, which may appear as roleplaying and identification. It has to be asked what opportunities were missed or sabotaged? What affordances were available or absent? What skills in order to attain pleasure were never developed? These skill deficits limit opportunities for instinctual gratification or sublimation. A lack of skills also prevents actualization of possibilities when they do present themselves. It’s seeking skills to develop which are aimed at pleasure that propel the analysand forward, and ideally they are propelled out of therapy permanently. Whether it’s in a modern lesbian relationship or through sublimation, there has to be enough satisfaction to quiet the anxiety, otherwise there is no therapeutic result. Underneath all the analyses there is still the biological factor that could very well be pushing this active energetic style, which may be out of scope for psychoanalysis. A perfect example to bring up that doesn’t fit into the female homosexual template are women who are masculine and still are a heterosexual in a reverse way by being attracted to more feminine men.
Reverse Heterosexuality
Being an early feminist and socialist, Helene was very interested in women who blazed a trail for female emancipation, but at the same time she always wanted femininity to be connected with strength and not a tradeoff. Like Freud, she dabbled in literary psychoanalysis and in particular, she focused on the famous George Sand, or Aurore her real name. Similar to Carl Jung’s exploration on different thinking styles, Helene championed the intuitive side of life that exists in both men and women. In a drôle response to Freud’s view of women being mysterious she answers based on the more ultimate mystery of consciousness. “…The real reason why [women do not reveal their secret] is that they do not know it; the mysterious thing about them is that their real self is unconscious and is unknown to them.” She attributed this meditative intuition, which men of course have, to the practiced ability to let things passively be, and long enough for intuitive thoughts to arise naturally. In the case of George Sand, the unconscious becomes a famous writer when in the right hands. “The sharp distinction that is made between the ideas of masculine and feminine is perhaps never completely achieved in any single individual. Masculine and feminine evolved out of a primordial original unity that survives as a bisexual constitution in everyone. In the course of development they have grown more and more differentiated without ever becoming totally distinct. Thus there are always male components in women and female components in men. The extent of the residue of the opposite sex varies in every individual, of course.” Inner and outer conflict naturally arise when the masculine and feminine balance is reversed against social roles, and part of George Sand’s allure was her being a role model for the many misfit women who didn’t fit that social template. A lot people have to find satisfaction somewhere in the world and a lot of social change happens precisely because the world crowds out people who don’t conform to social norms and it can threaten their survival if they can’t find complementary relationships and vocations that allow them to get by, if they also are unable to find a way to thrive.
When complimentary roles are filled it is often to a great extent between women and men in a form of reverse heterosexuality, and her example is that of George Sand and the sensitive composer Frédéric Chopin. Reverse heterosexuality isn’t talked about as much but it does happen often. For example a man can be feminine in many ways but celebrate femininity by enjoying a woman’s presence and also desire sexual relations with her. This can also be seen of artists who write, perform, and direct content that is based predominantly on women’s lives. The difficulty of such relationships though is if there’s not enough femininity in the woman, or masculinity in a man, to bring sexual pleasure that is satisfying to both partners. Those relationships usually end. In the case of George Sand, her masculinity-complex bothered so many men, in the assessment of Helene, because it was like the Freudian problem of the pious non-sexual maternal love of a mother and son vs., the sexually tempting lure of the erotic slut or prostitute. Helene quoted a letter from George Sand’s former lover de Musset who described exactly this. “You thought you were my lover? But you were only my mother…Heaven created us for each other, but our embraces were incestuous.”
Maurizio Pollini – Chopin – Prelude Op. 28 No. 15 in D Flat. Sostenuto (Raindrop): https://youtu.be/BczgDb9-ctQ
Helene laid the blame on the family dynamic where the young Aurore wasn’t able to find a suitable ego-ideal and introjected a more masculine Grandmother who took on a traditional feminine character but was more politically active in the family to the point of masculinity. In a complex web of family insecurity, tragedy and break up, the young Aurore was more controlled by the grandmother and she only could reliably develop masculine skills under that influence. The difficulty of masculinity and femininity in psychoanalysis is being able to create enough pleasure in one direction or another so that the addictive habit can emotionally invest in a role that matches the genitals and genital pleasure in a biologically satisfying way, but with so many examples of narcissism in parenting, one’s pleasure is constantly blocked due to one form of envy or pathological control by a guardian. Those imprints need to be laid down early enough so that sterility and frigidity don’t take hold. It’s also to help avoid future mismatches in libido and guarantee a possibility of a happy marriage. Helene theorized that much of her upbringing was brought out of her feminine intuition down on the pages of her masterpieces and she could only live out vibrant femininity through her characters. The masculinity of George Sand was such a noise that “she called her male second self [‘an abominable melancholic beast,’] and held it responsible for her suffering.”
Helene Deutsch: A Psychoanalyst’s Life by Paul Roazen: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780385197465/
Confrontations with Myself: An Epilogue by Helene Deutsch: https://isbns.net/isbn/9780393336412/
The Therapeutic Process, the Self, and Female Psychology by Paul Roazen, Helene Deutsch: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780887384295/
The Psychoanalysis of Sexual Functions of Women by Helene Deutsch, Paul Roazen: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780946439959/
Neuroses and Character Types: Clinical Psychoanalytic Studies by Helene Deutsch: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780823635603/
Psychology: https://psychreviews.org/category/psychology01/