Cultural Psychoanalysis: Karen Horney Pt. 2

The 20th century made economic stability a rollercoaster, and Oskar was taken for a ride. That stability that people needed to move from marriage, to mortgage, to children, their education, and then retirement, was a monumental and rare achievement, especially in modern economic climates. It’s the litmus test for social cohesion in any civilization. “Karen and Oskar remained together, rearing their three daughters, until 1926. They did not obtain a divorce until 1938. During the first fourteen years of their marriage, Oskar was a great success. After completing his studies in law, economics, and political science and earning a Ph.D., he joined the Stinnes Corporation, which became an industrial and financial giant during World War I. He quickly rose to a lofty executive position. As he prospered, the family lived in the fashionable suburb of Zehlendorf, where they had a large house, three acres of garden and grounds, and an impressive motor car. During the inflation of 1923, Stinnes collapsed, leaving Oskar without a job. He almost died of meningitis that same year. He never recovered his fortunes or his full mental vigor: he went bankrupt in 1926 and became enamored of a succession of get-rich-quick schemes. Karen and Oskar remained friends even after her move to the United States in 1932, and she gave him occasional financial assistance, especially after World War II. Oskar died in 1948.”

While Karen’s professional ascent was swift, her romantic life remained riddled with contradiction. “Horney was a founding member of the Berlin Psychoanalytical Institute, in which she was active during the 1920s, especially in screening candidates and training analysts. She served on the institute’s board of education from its inception. She also served on the board of directors of the German Psychoanalytical Society from 1925 to 1930. In his letter to the American Consulate supporting Horney’s application for immigration, Max Eitingon testified that her technical seminars were the ‘most highly appreciated’ of those given at the institute, her lectures had ‘the largest attendance,’ and her papers at meetings and congresses were ‘among the most valuable.'”

Karen’s failure in her personal life led her to review Freud’s theories and make changes that would fit the experience of women more closely, but also those of modern men. “During this period, Horney developed a sense of her special mission as a woman psychologist and published a series of ground-breaking essays. ‘My scientific interest concentrated more and more on female psychology and connected fields such as the differentiation between masculine and feminine psychology, general disturbances in the relationships between the two sexes, marriage problems. As psychology has been until now mostly worked at from the side of men, it seems to me to be the given task for a woman psychologist—or at least I think it to be mine—to work out a fuller understanding for specifically female trends and attitudes in life’. While some aspects of orthodox theory fit her experience well, others did not. By the early 1920s she began to propose modifications to Freud’s theory in light of her self-understanding, her observations of her patients, and her experiences as a woman. By the time she left Germany in 1932, Karen Horney had established an important place for herself in the history of psychoanalysis.”

There were legitimate criticisms of Karen’s new theories which many found were already explained in Freud’s thinking, but she also had her own contributions that could not be ignored. From a more socialist influence, as many were in the early 20th century, there was a vigorous debate between nature and nurture. Biology was an obvious Darwinian angle that researchers had to explore first, but as people took on strategies for happiness according to what they knew, a war would breakout, the economy would crash, or a revolution in culture would change marriage laws and family dynamics. How much contribution did biology or culture make that would explain where people ended up by the end of their lives? What was a woman’s experience in Africa, Asia, or South America compared to Europe? Were they the same? “For the decade after her analysis with Abraham, Horney had been a conventional Freudian, but in the early 1920s she began to quarrel with her mentors on the issue of feminine psychology. At first she simply wanted to revise the Freudian version of feminine development, but as she dug deeper into her own experience and responded to new intellectual influences, she moved away from instinct theory and toward an emphasis on family dynamics and culture. Instead of universalizing her problems, she increasingly focused on the specific conditions that she believed had produced them—her relationships with her mother, father, and brother. While recognizing the importance of culture, she had difficulty combining a sociological perspective with the insight into individual psychology to which she had been led by her search for self-understanding. In the mid-1930s, at the end of her Freudian phase, she adopted a more consistent social perspective. She criticized psychoanalysis for emphasizing biology to the exclusion of culture and abandoned her effort to define the ‘feminine’ because she considered how we experience and think about gender to be products of social conditioning.”

The complexity of the endeavor overwhelmed her, as it still does for many today. Biology cannot be separated from culture, because culture is made up of biological individuals. Later modalities had to accept that individual therapies were important but group dynamics also had to be explored, and now many therapists today have to learn about their patient’s cultures to improve the accuracy of their interpretations. People all have cravings that are biological that naturally push for ideal standards and innovation, but the objects of desire that they eventually choose are imitated from culture, and culture by it’s nature of accessibility and innovation limits the influences that subjects can interact with. It’s a difficult knot to untie. “Horney’s increased emphasis on culture also had the effect of making her theory more general, but it was limiting as well, since cultures differ from each other and constantly change. The structure of neurosis as she describes it tends to remain the same in different cultures, however, even though the forms of the defenses and the relations between them vary.”

The Psychology of Proposals

To Karen’s credit, she may have not been as comprehensive as Freud was, but she focused on controversies that provided enough material so that readers and other psychoanalysts could find their own way as to how to integrate her insights with their work. Most Darwinian attitudes were aimed at healthy offspring and preserving “stock,” and handing down an inheritance, without measuring how happy these families were in actuality. There was always “…a focus on the health of husband and wife and the potential for healthy offspring. While the importance of physical health cannot be overestimated, we need to go beyond the tradition of somatically oriented medical science, for it neglects the question of psychological fitness. A purely somatic approach seems particularly inadequate in the case of marriage, since marital success or failure depends largely on psychological factors.”

Partners start with many expectations about relationships, but very commonly there’s a vacuum of wisdom when it comes to planning a 40 to 60 year marriage and foreseeing all the obstacles and challenges that will arise. “Even with psychologically healthy people, the duration of a relationship cannot be predicted, for it is absolutely normal in the course of a marriage for new love objects to appear and exert an attraction. This happens not only because we do not limit our choice of love objects unambiguously to one person, and not only because old commitments can naturally loosen as further psychological development takes place, but also because marriage itself inevitably leads to disappointments and conflicts that drive us toward other objects.”

Even a basic examination of frustration can predict how hatred for people can easily be triggered, simply by one person becoming an obstacle for a goal that another person wants to satisfy. Marriage longevity is affected by how much cooperation there is and common ground to be found. “Some of the binding forces are more conscious than unconscious. They may take the form of an identification with the partner that grows out of some common interests within the marriage, such as children, household affairs, social and economic concerns, or similar spiritual attitudes. We must not overestimate the importance of these factors in and of themselves, for they are of value only as a foundation from which, in the most favorable cases, an identification can develop…Since Freud’s study of mass psychology we have been well aware of the importance of identification for any kind of group formation, including that of two people in marriage. We know that identification reduces aggression against the person who is felt to be part of the group. But again, we cannot foretell under what circumstances and to what extent the identification will develop.”

Group Psychology – Freud & Beyond – War Pt. (3/3): https://rumble.com/v1gvcxr-group-psychology-freud-and-beyond-war-pt.-33.html

Karen agreed with Freud that there are incompatible and compartmentalized desires that could easily be contradictory. Desire becomes situational so that only in certain settings does a subject want an angel for a partner, but in others, a devil would be more passionate. Transferences, as described many times before, take good and bad experiences in the past and try to make predictions, often with a closed-mindedness to recreate past peak experiences and prohibit the possibility of new adventures. Humans tend to desire what they don’t have, so they need to discover a lack in the current relationship before they become motivated to find a new experience. As people “get around the block,” they find certain patterns repeat and maybe they settle down to certain preferences, or keep searching in vain for integrated partners who contain all the personalities. “In the first [parent template], the original object can be retained, but the later transfer of feelings to other persons is subject to limitations, the most important of which is a splitting in the love life, an inability to concentrate all one’s feelings of love on one person. [For example], a man with a split love life usually chooses a wife who matches the idealized image of his mother and then looks for physical sexual gratification outside the marriage.”

Love – Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gv5pd-love-freud-and-beyond.html

Like René Girard who recognized those with a “being-disease,” or ontological disease of self-hatred, there’s a difficulty in developing appreciation, and so the simple possession of a relationship kills the original allure, because it was all about enhancing self-esteem by treating the partner as a trophy. “[One] result of infantile conflicts may be the withdrawal of feelings of love from objects altogether and the constitution of one’s own ego as the center of attraction…Choice of partner is determined by infantile object attachments and what becomes of them, and that more than one factor is involved. The main determinants are not to be found in the nature of the partner but in how well the partner is suited to serve the person’s egoistic tendencies. To a man whose ego has become the center of his love feelings, a woman’s social status, her connections, her managerial skills, or her wealth are more decisive than her human or erotic qualities…The overvaluation of relationships with men has its sources, so far as we have up to this point discussed them, not in any unusual strength of sexual impulse, but in factors lying outside the male-female relationship, namely, restoration of wounded self-esteem and defiance of the victorious (female) rival.”

Madonna – Frozen: https://youtu.be/XS088Opj9o0?si=2IdXYomckfZFvO-N

Madonna – The Power Of Good-Bye: https://youtu.be/NHydngA5C4E?si=gMHjMCU3to-X49Q7

These situations can be clarified by realizing that many people cannot achieve every idealistic demand, or in some cases the ideal was just a moving goal post, or when the challenge of forbidden love was removed, that the tension of secrecy has now vanished, along with the anticipated release. It was an acquisition of a luxury product, not a tender human relationship. “A second limitation on the ability to transfer love for the parent to other persons consists in holding on to the conditions that love be secret and that it be forbidden. When these conditions are met, love may well be transferred to a later object, but there is an often insurmountable fear of legitimacy in a relationship. Indeed, if legitimacy is forced, the relationship will scarcely be tolerable. Frequently, when a man who requires secrecy and prohibition marries, his wife loses her allure as soon as the vows are spoken. To our conscious thinking, the certainty of possession might seem to be responsible for his abrupt loss of interest after marriage, but this does not explain why the sudden drastic reversal from attraction to indifference takes place only in some cases…The significance of sex-role uncertainty is confirmed by the fact that as accurate an observer as Alfred Adler made insecurity and the consequent craving for admiration the key issue in his psychological system. However, he went astray in regarding insecurity as something elemental, rather than as something that needed to be further analyzed.”

Relationships also have self-development goals, that when individually pursued, it allows one to maintain attractiveness because they are still a moving target, but marriage may instead lead to complacency where one partner moves farther ahead than another, or the marriage itself is now an obstacle for that individual self-development. Analysis can further the divide between partners or bring them back together, depending on whether they can discover new projects and find common ground. “Sadger has demonstrated that even as the first feelings of love in a child arise in conjunction with the gratifications received while being cared for, so also the first feelings of hatred are directed at the caregivers, for they can thwart the child’s wishes. In a similar way, the marriage partner can also awaken feelings of hatred because, although he provides a certain amount of satisfaction, he stands in the way of other possibilities of gratification…”

Karen was also aware of reverse heterosexuality that revealed a partialness in desire in how we don’t really see the whole person but just a partial solution that blots out other characteristics of the partner for the purpose of enhancing that desire looking for that particular release. Desire can be extremely utilitarian. “Another symptom may be [a] girl’s identification with the male’s object choice as well as with the male, a change that results in homosexuality. Sometimes a person so reoriented continues to choose persons of the opposite sex as objects of love, but because of powerful unconscious homosexual tendencies a woman seeks a man with the features of the mother-imago, as a man with homosexual tendencies may seek a woman with the traits of the father-imago. The details of these choices are determined, of course, by the individual circumstances.”

These unconscious fractured desires can surprise ego structures that seek harmony in the outside world and demand decisiveness and predictability to maintain internal peace. “The object choices I have been describing all occur under the pressure of partial tendencies, that is, tendencies that are contradicted by the overall ego or at any rate are not supported by it. We often say that such choices lack the proper ‘certainty of instinct,’ and we are inclined to view certainty of instinct as a special talent that a person is either given or not given by nature. On the basis of the interrelations outlined above between early love relationships, sexual orientation, and object choice, we can try to formulate a more accurate definition of instinctual certainty. Such a definition must include the ability to make a choice with the type of unerringness that is unique to the unconscious—a choice that reflects the essence of our being, that not only gratifies most of our conscious and unconscious instinctual demands but can also be affirmed by our conscious thinking and our ideal conceptions. Certainty of instinct must be missing when specific fixations during psychosexual development give rise to isolated, rigid conditions for love, and to desires and inhibitions that are detrimental to the whole personality.”

Tucker: Marry a Girl Who Likes Her Dad: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/MCf0HXRNkyk

Horney was aware of how hard it was to control the end result of a marriage and make predictions. Happiness was more about the resulting harmony in the long-run rather than how people felt about the relationship at first, when they made their initial transference the deciding factor. Positive transferences are polluted with emotional baggage that can sour into a negative transference as soon as an obstacle first appears for newlyweds. Many of the boring practical requirements for planning a marriage are actually more important than fleeting transference passions. “It is easily assumed that ‘marriages of convenience’ are built on too slight a foundation to sustain so complicated and personal a relationship, yet such marriages often prove to be stronger than real love matches. We need to keep in mind that the two kinds of marriages are not such absolute opposites as they appear, since in marriages of convenience there is also a transfer of old emotional attitudes to the partner. In these cases, the transfer follows rather than precedes the object choice. While there may be less passion, there is also less acrimony, so that the marriages are actually less vulnerable to the most serious blows. But it must be acknowledged that people who marry for convenience by their own choice are severely handicapped in their capacity for object love. As a result, the personal relationship to the spouse simply is not as overwhelmingly important for them as it is for people whose love life has developed more harmoniously.”

That harmony has to involve authentic communication, and partners who listen to their bodies and listen to thoughts as they arise, and consider those desires, they are less deceptive to themselves and their partners. Knowing what you want, and being with partners who also know what they want, leads to mutual satisfaction, or at least an acceptance that the relationship is a mismatch, which allows for a clean break. “People with a less inhibited development can concentrate their total [craving] on one object and, therefore, can appreciate to a larger extent—consciously or instinctively—the uniqueness of the other personality. The chance for a lasting relationship with the partner is much greater in such cases, although even here it is doubtful that just one choice is possible.”

Authenticity is a contested area in psychology. If people act on every impulse that arises, they literally appear like a psychopath. There are obviously practical goals that are long-term, and all goals involve some need for specific conditions that allow for achievement, and each person has to find a balance and eliminate contradictions that can happen when the inevitable need for self-discipline encounters a stray impulse. “The multiplicity of factors involved makes possible different paths of fulfillment in love life—especially for those who are not rigidly bound to specific conditions. That is why Goethe was able to love two women as different as Charlotte von Stein and Christina Vulpius, choices that can both be readily explained by reference to his childhood development. But the concept of two people being ‘made for each other’ may prove to be an illusion that we refuse to have destroyed because of its practical value.”

If partners are able to get beyond their fear of missing out, with an understanding that all pleasure involves some work, cost, and entropy, entertaining the idea of changing partners, when most humans have similar goals that require self-discipline, it forces the subject to be very specific about what would actually be different about this new conquest.

Unreliable Foundations: Inauthenticity

The benefit of a psychoanalytic approach is that it gets you to reflect on what you put out into the world and relationships, instead of just externalizing everything. Feelings in your body in any marriage will not remain static in the honeymoon stage for your entire life, and it certainly won’t if self-reflection avoids our capacity to appreciate others. As desire turns into boredom, from repetition and familiarity, a sense of lack begins to creep in with any marriage, because the mind will always find something imperfect in a world that isn’t heaven. It leads people to start with excitement at the beginning of the relationship, which is an unreliable peak experience based on novelty, and predictably the need to return to that peak creates new demands on the relationship that can break long-term goals that require steady commitment.

An unconscious person will devalue what is readily available in a marriage and begin to focus on their moving goal posts, regardless of practicality. Attention moves away from what was already satisfied towards what is yet still unfulfilled. Partners now fail to recognize each other, especially when new demands are shocking and unexpected. “The psychological factors that cause sexual problems in marriage include those which lead to the rejection of the partner, such as disappointments or antagonistic feelings of any origin, and those which cause attraction to other objects, such as curiosity about other people’s sexual behavior or the narcissistic need to confirm one’s own sex appeal. In addition, we must remember Freud’s premise that direct sexual desires sooner or later take second place to aim-inhibited feelings. Moreover, fulfillment of physical (genital) sexual desire—above all, easily available, constant fulfillment—diminishes sexual excitement.”

Madonna – Gone, Gone, Gone: https://youtu.be/y_HRcmAwV4k?si=yy942h5gb3qRbOL8

Jack White – What’s The Trick?: https://youtu.be/WOZwxqQlyLg?si=fRQLo9xUYwej7HTE

Then when you add competition with other suitors, opportunities to replace relationships with sublimated activities, a temptation to trade-up is inevitable. “Although easy availability is such a handy, seemingly self-evident reason for the decrease in sexual excitement, several considerations warn us not to take it as the only one. Masturbation, for instance, offers the same regular and easily available genital gratification, yet people don’t tire of it. Furthermore, decrease in excitement is dependent on so many diverse psychological influences that it is difficult to assess just how important the factor of easy fulfillment is…Direct sexual desire can metamorphose into aim-inhibited eroticism in the forms of tenderness, nurturance, and clinging devotion. How much of the [craving] continues to be directed toward the partner in these forms is of decisive importance to the fate of the marriage. The transformed [craving] can also be sublimated into some kind of work, directed toward other love objects, or repressed in some way. Although I have separated these three kinds of transformation here, they occur in all imaginable combinations and can provide the foundation for a variety of conflicts.”

Object Relations: Melanie Klein Pt. 5: https://rumble.com/v4ur5j9-object-relations-melanie-klein-pt.-5.html

Sublimation – Sigmund Freud: https://rumble.com/v1gv2fr-sublimation-sigmund-freud.html

The Weeknd – Save Your Tears: https://youtu.be/XXYlFuWEuKI?si=pRTrjthX0YrFuBsk

Like in Pt. 1, energy frays when there are an increase of objects open for tension and release, and then when you add misfortunes into the mix, or the workplace makes demands that engulf the marriage, you find couples begin to look tired and discouraged. Active partners try to communicate these changes and create new goals for the surfacing demands arising from the unconscious. Unfortunately, the relationship can turn into a game of Whac-A-Mole. “The sublimation of [craving] in work or a hobby does not produce conflicts by itself, but its tendency to drain energy from the marriage can provide a theater for the play of other conflicts, which may be more or less unconscious rather than overt. Let us consider, for example, the husband who lives in a ‘happy marriage’ but who harms or destroys his wife through a failure at work, or who devotes far more time than necessary to his work in order to avoid his wife and the problems of marriage. As a result, the problems are not confronted but are merely covered up. This process may lessen their destructive effects in some cases, however.”

Now, many are aware of the phrase, “absence makes the heart grow fonder,” and so much rides on the ability to understand how marriages are negotiated unconsciously. Those subjects who can appreciate their partner without needing an absence to negotiate the case, are on more solid footing. “The only form of [craving] transformation that has a positive value for marriage is the conversion into affection, which guarantees the stability and happiness of the relationship. The extent to which this can happen is dependent on a person’s total psychosexual development. It is restricted, moreover, by all of the hostile impulses that arise in marriage.”

Coldplay – All My Love: https://youtu.be/xfawgZ5bfBQ?si=6OOAgY2KG3KNMb7H

Even when there is a lot of wisdom and knowledge available for couples to reflect deeply before they make a decision, as long as the feelings cannot follow the logic, the results may turn out bad just the same. Being given wisdom by another person can feel dictated and in turn it may motivate contrarian actions to maintain independence. Free association in analysis can make the patient accept the same conclusion, because one prefers to take credit for found knowledge, precisely because it preserves independence. “Not only does the choice of a partner have obvious origins in the depths of infantile wishes, so does the inner impetus to marry—that ‘natural desire’ for a wife (or husband) and child…What is it that prompts people to get married in spite of the frequency of marital unhappiness through the ages and of the bondage rather than satisfaction it brings to the individual from the standpoint of self-interest? Apparently the deepest driving forces are not at all conscious but are rather unconscious, unreal, and as it were irrational expectations of happiness. They assert themselves in spite of all experience and reflection, not only because they are fed by the strongest instinctual forces, but also for the very simple reason that they—like all truly unconscious wishes—are not open to correction by experience and reflection.”

The reality and awareness that needs to seep in from authentic free association is the understanding that peak experiences can never be repeated without boredom. New peaks require new challenges, and what is often not communicated before marriage are the peak experiences that a person wants to work to achieve with the partner. The ego-ideal needs a reality check, because parental templates were based on peak experiences that parents had, and those were just as fleeting as any other. It’s a good reminder from Pt. 1, that each partner must associate long enough to “consider that particularly those desires that come out of the deepest layers of the unconscious are so excessive, so fantastic and grotesque that they cannot stand up to the clear light of day.”

How to gain Flow in 7 steps: https://rumble.com/v1gvked-how-to-gain-flow-in-7-steps.html

To compound the challenges, you also have parental templates that involved a large amount of love that was always less conditional than adult forms. There’s no way a new partner can love a person as if they were a newborn baby. “These demands cannot be fulfilled for two reasons: first, our expectations of happiness originate in an early childhood fantasy of our parents’ happiness in love. Even if that happiness was practically nonexistent, it still appears fantastically magnified in the unconscious memory, in part because the thinking of this early time was not subject to a reality check and in part because the pleasures from which we are excluded are always exaggerated in our imagination. The second reason these infantile desires cannot be fulfilled is that they are attached to very specific persons. Although a healthy detachment from the parents makes it possible to transfer these desires to other people, there still remains—and probably always will—a certain noticeable difference between the actual object and the sought-after imago modeled upon a parent. The tension resulting from this discrepancy can work in favor of the partner, but it can also create a strong impulse to look for other love objects, either out of a deceptive hope of finding the ideal imago after all (via serial affairs in the manner of Don Juan) or because different people may embody different traits of the imago and therefore exert an attraction. One of the reasons second marriages are often more solid than first ones is that infantile expectations are not carried into them with untamed force but have faded through contact with reality, thereby lessening the possibilities for disappointment.”

What can also be unconscious are desires that partners may never be able to satisfy, because they require an alteration of masculine and feminine power roles that are currently undesirable, such “as homosexual tendencies or uncertain gender roles in later love life, can lead to specific problems, such as the struggle between the sexes for validation and power…This uncovering will not eliminate the motives, but it may help to create a better chance for fighting the struggle on its own ground instead of relegating it to peripheral issues.”

Also, what originally motivated the proposal and acceptance was surely not ALL the unconscious impulses and future impulses that could be mutually satisfied. It was more likely very few impulses or even only one that sealed the deal. “Thus, the essential error of such a choice lies in the fact that it was made to fulfill an isolated condition. One impulse alone, one sole desire emerged forcefully into the foreground and overshadowed everything else.”

Desires have to be seen as not being so benign since desire is a two-faced entity that is only happy in satisfaction. It turns ugly when eventually a very particular tension cannot find a very particular release. In the end, a more realistic sober assessment of personal goals must be brought into consciousness so that financial and practical plans can be made to take real actions and enjoy real satisfactions. The antidote remains the same: face reality as it is. “If one wants to speak of the ‘fundamental tragedy’ of marriage, one can see that, in its deep unconscious foundations, the strongest impulses to marry flow from the very same sources that give rise to the conflicts that are capable of destroying the relationship. Here also are the roots of the strange phenomenon that love matches are such a poor guarantee of a long and happy marriage, for passion and falling in love are always fed by these instinctual sources. The greater their share in a marriage, the more it is subject to the conflicts I have described. A marriage that is based mainly on other than personal factors, such as arrangement by the families, social duties, or economic considerations, is also held together by these factors. Although basic conflicts cannot be avoided altogether, these binding forces can exert an ameliorating influence. In conclusion, the seemingly unsolvable problems in modern marriage are probably no greater than those in marriages of former times. They merely attract more attention in an era of increasing individualism in which first men and then women have been trying to free themselves from the shackles of family and society.”

Demands become even worse when they are narcissistic, and when common setbacks in health and wealth arise, both partners are vulnerable to being wounded. When those relationships end, it can develop a dread and mistrust that interferes with the motivation to persist in the search for a more stable outcome. Those marriages where people have done the inner work to become authentic and know what they want can better communicate and negotiate before a relationship gets hooked on only one impulse. A cold bath douses the limerence when the demands are brought into the light of awareness and expressed honestly. As Karen repeated in her writings, unconscious desires are full of impossibilities and contradictions where one desire blocks another, and unless these are resolved ahead of time, decisiveness cannot be reached, and subsequent marriages are built on weak foundations.

Alison Goldfrapp – NeverStop: https://youtu.be/Xcsvgsedz20?si=aWcXlV7e18d0rafX

So conversely, if one wants to increase decisiveness, authentic and honest partners have to free associate and bring out as many of their desires as possible out into the open, remove contradictions with the light of awareness, and build their lives on a foundation of proposals free of gambling and deception, before the big decision can be made with any confidence.

Feminine Psychology – Karen Horney: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780393310801/

The Unknown Karen Horney – Karen Horney, Bernard J. Paris: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780300080421/

Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst`s Search for Self-Understanding – Professor Bernard J. Paris: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780300059564/

The Adolescent diaries of Karen Horney – Karen Horney, Maxwell Jones: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780465000555/